Integration Strategies for
Digitising your Lab

Chapter 1

Structuring the sample ordering process for integration

One of the biggest challenges for lab managers is integrating lab instrumentation, tracking samples and auditable inventory updates into efficient physical and digital workflows. This is because:

• Scientists require substances in specific volumes and formats ready for use, with rapid feedback on whether these can be delivered
• Laboratory instruments need these scientific requirements translated into protocols describing the actions and labware needed to process them
• Scientific teams need an inventory that is always up to date to manage multiple workflows for samples
• Lab managers and regulators expect inventory to be auditable

It is also a huge help to scientific teams – and to your business efficiency – to have a LIMS that will integrate instrumentation and processing with your inventory and audit trail. Efficient laboratory workflows are not just about sample preparation, they also speed up assay cycles and underpin rapid research.

One of the advantages of having a sample management element to a LIMS is that it provides a robust way for scientists to get stored samples ready for use in their assays. However, managing and tracking the process of producing the assay-ready samples is complex. Many physical processing steps need to be carried out (such as neat dispense, solubilisation, liquid transfer), each of which may involve different equipment and quantities.

The sequences of processing steps are often referred to as workflows, and they take multiple factors into account to ensure that what the scientist has requested can be satisfied. For instance:

• Volumes: available amounts, container volumes, dead volumes (in combination with the equipment to be used), pipetting volumes; and so on
• Laboratory equipment available: ranging from manual pipettes to fully automated acoustic liquid handling platforms. This may vary, so manual pipetting may be used one time, an automated liquid handler another
• Data transfer: to pass volumes, transfer details, labware information and any errors between instruments and the inventory and audit trail

Ideally, a LIMS includes workflow management, which can validate the workflow and track progress while it is carried out. If a workflow fails validation, then the LIMS should feedback that it is not possible and why.

Considering types of integration

The range of equipment in your labs and how you want to use it will be unique to your company’s setup. For this reason, there is no one answer to how best to integrate your laboratory equipment with your LIMS. Indeed, how quickly you wish to deploy a solution and/or your budget may have a significant impact on which options you consider first.

Equally important to realise is that there are different levels of integration, to suit different needs and budgets. We have classified them as follows:

• Scenario 1: Simple integration using file import. This is the most common type of integration. Here, work protocols are manually set up by operators. Once finished, a simple file import process is used to update the inventory using pre-defined file formats. However, this has the potential to introduce errors if not done carefully. It is essential to check that the import file data is verified before any changes to your inventory are made. File import is the loosest level of integration and thus fastest to achieve at lowest cost, but the most operator intensive. We advise that you specify verified file import as a minimum for this type of integration.
  
  

• Scenario 2: Workflow-led integration by verified file exchange. When your LIMS has a workflow, this allows for a two-way communication integration where operators get guidance from the LIMS of what is required in clear workflow steps. They write the protocols for instrumentation and a verified file exchange process, which is frequently automated, creates pick list files for the protocols and imports verified data into your LIMS to update the inventory.
  
  

• Scenario 3: Driven instrument integration. A tightly integrated or driven integration is where your LIMS ‘drives’ instrumentation directly through the equipment’s Application Programming Interface (API) and creates the protocols required. The two-way data transfers are automatically managed and verified to update inventory and audit trail in real-time. This level of integration is highly efficient but complex, effectively bringing equipment from different automation vendors into one seamlessly managed system. For this reason, it costs more and takes longer to deploy, but it brings swift returns on investment for busy labs through error reduction as well as efficiency.

The simplest integration of all is to do everything in a manual manner. This can be very powerful for some situations that do not require a workflow, and may actually not include any laboratory equipment. Examples of this include:

1. Creating new sample records in your inventory which have no inventory history in your organisation, such as adding plates from an external supplier.
   
   
2. Processing samples in an impromptu manner where sample information is important, but there is no requirement to track parentage of the samples used. For instance, if you are involved in assay development and are creating an assay ready plate and the plate map is required for your analysis.

The simplest file transfer integrations are one way, only tracking individual steps and not more complex tasks, such as a cherry pick and serialise. They do not give you an overview of the whole workflow or provide guidance to the instrument or operators.

How to approach integration

The overall aim of integration is to make both your laboratory equipment and your laboratory processes more effective. This white paper explores the pros and cons of these different levels of integration for the following equipment:

• Liquid Handlers – A large variety of liquid handlers (acoustic or tip based) are used in labs with varying degrees of integration.
• Automated Stores – Automated sample stores are a large investment which improve sample integrity, pick rates and accuracy; especially when combined with a LIMS system.
• Manual Processes – Many processes are manual in nature but still can involve some level of integration. For example, to record data accurately and automatically from weigh stations and tube scanners.

The aim of these examples is to help you consider the degree of integration needed when examining your workflows, whatever your scale of operation.

The integrations discussed in this white paper are not mutually exclusive. Your requirements may include elements of all of them. Indeed, your current needs may suggest you start at the minimum viable level for you and upgrade to a closer, more driven integration in the future.

What is important is that you take time to ask the questions pertinent to you and your organisation. Because there are different levels of integration, you should ensure that what you are considering matches your expectations and requirements for functionality, as well as how it will fit into your lab. Time taken now will save you money, speed up deployment and help a smooth transition. This white paper aims to help you to formulate your questions.

Chapter 2

Integrating Liquid Handlers

There are a wide variety of liquid handlers used in labs and they can perform complex tasks. Some are completely custom, but most are standardised and so are likely to have APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) that provide an easier route for tighter integration. Some level of integration is always possible, which we will explore using our three scenarios:

Scenario One: Simple one way integration – data import and processing

As mentioned above, simple file import integration is best suited to non-workflow driven processing for simple repetitive tasks, such as solubilisation of samples to a standard volume and placing them in a store.

For liquid handlers, this might be when you are comfortable writing your own protocols/ scripts to run the equipment for your own processes, but you still want to track the samples created, plus update the source samples. For example, if you are running simple replicates where you can write your own protocol to run the liquid handler. It is good practice to update the source data when adding the new samples and their history to your inventory.

Inventory information can be updated and recorded in your LIMS by importing a data file which contains the transfer information from source to destination. While it is simple to create a process to import data files, do not forget the file needs to be verified for errors (such as trying to transfer more volume than is available in the source container or using a barcode that is already being used in your inventory). Error checking can be the difference between an integration that works and one that needs continual editing of the data.

The imported data file should also allow you to record the instrument used to do the work, how much substance was consumed, any transfer failures, sample parentage, when it was done and by whom. This information is essential to create an audit trail, which may also need to be 21 CFR part 11 compliant. Having a full audit trail information in your LIMS helps to troubleshoot, should a problem be spotted.

In addition to a verified file import of transfers, your sample management LIMS should allow you to create new samples directly from a source within the user interface. For example, to create child tubes and plates, or to solubilise/dry down tubes and plates. Again, this process should include full audit trail information.

Questions to consider when considering file import integration for liquid handling processes are:

• How much automation do you use or are you likely to use?
• Do you prefer to write your own protocols, or do you have staff using the instruments who are less comfortable with automation?
• How many of your processes are simple, and how often do you use complex ones?
• Do you want to standardise processes across comparable instrumentation?
• What information should you record in inventory to meet compliance needs as well as for efficient processing? Are you recording everything you need to?
• What verification processes are used on the data passed? Importing a file is simple, but validating data to ensure reliable results is essential but more complex.

Scenario Two: Workflow led integration by verified file exchange

Consider performing a more complex task where you want to solubilise a sample to make a tube stock solution (and store it), create a plate from the solution stock, replicate the plate and dispatch the replicated plate as well as tracking all the changes as they happen.

While each these actions could be tracked using the file import integration from scenario one:

• It would require forethought and planning to manually work out the individual process steps, for example just to calculate the solubilisation volumes
• You would need to track how far through the overall process you currently are (and hence what to do next) as there is no overall workflow to tell you
• These processes are time-consuming, making them inefficient, and prone to human error particularly if more than one person does the work, which will affect data quality

This is where the workflow management component of a LIMS becomes of real value.

Workflows and LIMS

With a workflow in place, it is possible to validate in advance if the sample processing is physically achievable, for example:

• Is the solubilisation tube large enough to prevent overflow?
• Is the volume of solution created larger than the sum of the amount to be dispensed in all transfers plus the dead volume of the selected tube?
• What equipment is available to perform the process steps?
• What are the max volumes, min volumes and dead volumes associated with each instrument and tip type?

As well as providing validation, a workflow can be used to guide the operator through the process steps required to complete the work. As each step is completed, the workflow will update inventory and adjust subsequent process steps as appropriate.

For example:

• Are there multiple options for solubilisation?
  • If so, the operator should be able to choose which to use at the time of processing. The workflow should provide the appropriate data for whichever method is chosen.
• What if the sample does not solubilise?
  • This failure should be reported to inventory and no transfers performed to any subsequent plate well(s).
• Where in the overall process are the samples?
  • The workflow should show you where in the overall process you are, and what to do next; for instance, whether samples are currently in the process of being solubilised or waiting to be cherry picked to create a plate.

File exchange and LIMS

Verified file exchange integration allows accurate two-way communication between your LIMS and laboratory instrumentation, whilst the operator still sets up and runs the instruments.

The steps involved are:

1. Exporting a file from your LIMS (for instance a cherry pick list) containing information required by the liquid handler to perform its processing. It is normally a manually initiated process to create the file.
   
   
2. The liquid handler carries out the processing and a results file is created.
   
   
3. Importing the results file from the liquid handler to your LIMS can be done either as a manual process or a semi-automated file sweep.
   
   
4. Verifying the file during the import process to ensure the data returned is valid and is consistent with the expected workflow, before updating your inventory. If there are any issues, the data import process is paused. The issues are displayed to the operator for review or action.
   
   The operator can then either accept warnings or fail the entire run, as appropriate, the results of which are recorded in inventory. Examples of verification failure would include:
   1. Any errors reported by the instrument, for example a failure to transfer
   2. Any deviation beyond a threshold from the expected values, for example because the wrong protocol was run on the instrument
   3. Invalid source barcodes

Because of the large variety of vendors and liquid handling instruments available, there is a move to using standardised generic Export/Import file formats for file exchange integration. However, if this file format does not fully fit your needs, there are multiple file manipulation software options available to create custom file manipulations to customise things to your exact requirements.

File exchange plus

Whilst verified file exchange will commonly use generic formats, if a specific instrument is very common you could expect to import that instrument’s output file directly into your LIMS. This integration could be considered as file exchange plus. A good example would be the Beckman Coulter Life Sciences Echo platform, which is widely used across the life sciences industry. The Echo produces a standard XML output file across its complete range of applications. A verified file exchange plus integration would import these files directly and update inventory accordingly, removing human error in updating inventory.

Questions to consider for verified file exchange integration:

• How many operators and instruments are you supporting in the lab, and what are the sample processing throughputs? The larger the numbers the more efficiencies are likely to be gained from greater levels of integration.
• Are your liquid handling instruments from one vendor or multiple vendors? Different vendors will have different user interfaces which you will need to train your operators on.
• What file formats are available for the liquid handler? Are they standard or customisable?

Scenario Three: Driven instrument integration

Liquid handlers can perform multiple operations in a single run, such as solvent addition, mixing and solution transfers, as well as possibly containing other integrated devices. Such systems require complex setup in order to perform a run. In a busy lab, often what is needed is the ability to walk up to an instrument, be prompted for the required labware, push a button, and then walk away knowing that your LIMS has worked out all the transfers and volumes for you, and instructed the equipment on how to run following your standardised methodology.

Driven integrations replace a lot of manual work by automatically calculating what should be done by each liquid handler and directly providing exact pipetting instructions, including volumes, sources and destinations for transfers, as well as monitoring success or failure and handling overlapping workflows.

In driven instrument integrations, the LIMS software communicates directly with liquid handler to provide instrument protocols based on the workflow. Data from the instrument is picked up in real time. However, the instrumentation must have an API to allow two way communication, such as those provided by Tecan, Hamilton, SPT Labtech, HighRes Biosolutions and so on. The parallels between file exchange and a driven integration will also apply to a wide range of laboratory instruments with an API.

Examples of file exchange and driven integrations include the Beckman Coulter Life Sciences Echo acoustic liquid handlers. The standalone Echo can only be integrated to the file exchange plus level as it lacks an API. The Access robot system acoustic liquid handler platform adds an API (via the Tempo software) making tighter direct integration possible.

A fully driven liquid handler workstation integration should be able to:

• Remove the need for operators to know how to write the appropriate protocol to run the instruments. A driven integration will create and run those automatically through:
  • Supporting multi sequence operations
  • Understanding tip types and when to change disposable tips, wash fixed tips, etc
  • Knowing when a volume exceeds a tip’s volume and be able to calculate the most efficient number of aspirations and dispenses required (e.g. when using a 200μL tip to move 500μL from a 600μL max volume source tube)
  • Knowing when using full or half plates, where Controls and Standards should be added

• Work across a variety of similar instruments from different manufacturers

• Standardise methodology across multiple instruments and/or sites to minimise process variations

• Determine if two or more orders have compatible requirements so they can be processed together, to improve efficiency

• Handle failures (due to a power cut, for instance) so that a run can quickly be resumed and that your inventory is only updated with the transfers that actually occurred

All of these will result in in overall efficiency benefits.

Producing a driven integration, with its real-time two way communication between systems, takes time to analyse, plan, collaborate, develop and deliver and is thus expensive as a bespoke option. However, many of these integrations have already been done by vendors and are available as packaged solutions which optimise development timelines.

The tight coupling between instruments and LIMS required for driven integration is sometimes viewed as inhibiting the process flexibility required to meet changing project needs. However, with good planning, this should not prove to be an issue. Making sure your driven system can cope with the flexibility that you are actually going to encounter is something that should be reviewed during the integration selection.

Questions to consider for driven integration are:

• How much flexibility do you need in your system and in which areas? For example, how many variations of plate layouts/dilution series/top concentrations do you need to handle? Greater variety gives greater possibility of human error, which can be removed through tighter integration
• What throughputs do you need to achieve over the next few years?
• Does your liquid handler have an API to enable a full, driven integration?
• How many operators and instruments are you supporting in the lab? The larger the numbers the more efficiencies are likely to be gained from tighter levels of integration.
• Are your liquid handling instruments from multiple vendors? Different vendors will have different user interfaces you will need to train your operators on.
• Would a driven integration allow you to perform longer unattended runs by benefiting from the ability to combine many smaller jobs?
  
  

Integrating Liquid Handlers

Chapter 3

Integrating Automated Stores

Automated stores provide automated sample storage with high throughput sample access, greater space efficiency and improved sample integrity when compared to manual freezers. Automated stores have simpler inventory management requirements than liquid handlers and so the integration options are simplified to:

• Simple integration using file import, which is the most common type of integration
• Driven instrument integration, where your LIMS drives store processes and inventory is updated in real time

Scenario One: Simple Integration Using
Manual File Import

In this simplest case of integration, the placing of labware into a store could be tracked manually by importing a file containing a list of barcodes for all the items added to the store plus their new locations. The process would entail:

• Physically loading the labware into the store
• Recovering the store’s log file containing the labware barcodes read as the samples were loaded plus their new locations in the store
• Manually copying the barcode and location information into a spreadsheet format compatible with your inventory
• Updating your inventory with the new file

To physically pick samples from a store, all the store needs is a file containing a list of barcodes to pick. A LIMS system can easily provide this from a sample request.

However, the data file needed to update your LIMS inventory after picking is more complex. In addition to the tube barcodes, your inventory needs to know the rack barcode and the location of each tube within it.

Using manually created files to update your inventory is problematic for two reasons:

• It is easy to introduce errors
• It means inventory updates are not carried out in real time

Inventory updates that are not done in real time have potentially serious consequences:

• They cannot be used in fully audited environments, as these require events to be accurately time stamped
• If updates to inventory lag behind store operations, other operators may try to track down inventory that is already returned to the store or request samples already picked for use elsewhere

Scenario Two: Driven Instrument Integration

It is possible to run an automated store, particularly a low throughput one, using the manual file import method but it is not often logistically effective to do so. Having a driven integration smooths your workflow and brings with it several advantages:

• Real time updates to inventory and audit trail mean that samples cannot be moved without your LIMS knowing about it
  
  
• Placing samples into storage is simplified. Operators can simply feed containers into the store and they are automatically put away and the LIMS inventory locations updated
  
  
• Pick lists can be created automatically from a scientist’s order. The LIMS will convert the sample identifiers used by the scientist into the labware barcodes required by the store. In many cases driven integrations can also pick the request automatically once it has been accepted
  
  
• LIMS often include prioritisation to automatically deal with many simultaneous requests. This means orders will be run based on priority or efficiency rules. For example, processing a large High Throughput Screening pick overnight to allow smaller project picks to be carried out during the day
  
  
• If your LIMS uses workflows, stored samples can be picked with knowledge of later workflow steps. For instance, if samples picked from the store will be replicated downstream with a block head liquid handler, then tubes can be placed in racks automatically leaving a column free to be used for control addition when replicated into plates

A fully driven automated store integration should also improve the robustness of your operation. A good integration is designed to handle a wide range of errors and aid their rapid diagnosis and resolution with a minimal amount of user input. Most common problems arise from human error.

For example, when loading racks of tubes into store, a LIMS can automatically cross check that tubes are present in the racks and inform operators if something unexpected is found, such as unregistered labware. For ‘non-blocking’ errors like this example, the LIMS can instruct the store to park the rack causing the error and continue placing other racks. The operator can then connect to the store (usually remotely) to resolve the issue and finish the process.

Questions to consider when considering manual file import versus driven integration for an automated store are:

• Are you likely to be working in an audited environment that needs to accurately track how long items have been out of a store?
• How many people are accessing the store? Many operators manually importing files is much more likely to create problems with inventory lagging behind store operations.
• What verification processes are used on the files imported manually?
• How much automation do you use or are you likely to use in other process steps? The lag from manually uploading inventory updates is more likely to be problematic alongside other digitalised workflows.

Chapter 4

Integrating Manual Processes

The push to digitalise and track all the pieces of the laboratory process means that manual processes need to be included in integration plans for labs. It is already quite common for some tasks: for instance, manual pipetting can be done following guidance from your LIMS user interface, which gives position information and automatically calculates volumes to minimise human error.

Other processes requiring the operator to manually perform a task can also directly involve the use of laboratory equipment, such as weighing with analytical balances, checking tube positions with rack scanners, or placing and retrieving samples from manual stores.

These manual processes are usually simple compared to the multi-step workflows carried out on automated liquid handling platforms. However, achieving an integration that guides the operator in such a way that it removes human error still requires a degree of effort that should not be underestimated.

Integrating Analytical Balances

Weighing is predominantly done as a manual process with an operator sitting in front of an analytical balance. The process is usually viewed as extremely simple, with the operator just needing to know how much to dispense. So why does this process need integration? There are several strong reasons:

• Even a simple weighing process needs each operator to make a range of decisions, which will introduce many variations unless a reliable process is consistently followed
• Manual data entry is tedious for the operator and a well-recognised source of error
• Automatically capturing accurate information, such as the exact amount dispensed, ensures subsequent steps and calculations are more precise
• It can help ensure company Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) are followed
• Keyboards need to be meticulously cleaned after manual data entry to avoid cross-contamination

A simple integration using verified file import can be used to update your inventory with balance information, tare and gross weights while avoiding unnecessary contamination of surfaces. However, it does not address process consistency.

A driven integration between your LIMS and analytical balance will directly transfer accurate readings to your inventory in real time but also provide:

• Increased data quality as quantities and volumes in subsequent process steps are calculated based on exact readings
• Automatic calculation of dispense amounts to avoid human error
• Operator guidance from the LIMS to avoid process variations, such as a clear graphical display of range amounts for each weigh and dispense to be performed

• Handling for unexpected events. For example, tracked options on how the operator should proceed if the sample to be weighed is a gum as opposed to a free-flowing powder, or the source bottle is damaged[1]

• Recording and enforcement of SOP processes, such as taring labware or check weighing after a defined number of dispenses

• A 21 CFR Part 11 compliant audit trail of dispenses for every vial

• Label printing to deliver human readable information to the recipient

Questions to ask yourself when considering a file import integration versus a driven one include:

• How important is process consistency to you?
• How many operators use the balance? The more operators, the greater the likelihood of process variations.
• Do you need to record or enforce SOPs?

Integrating Rack Scanners

Rack scanners provide a quick way of tracking tubes by scanning racks of 2D barcoded tubes and providing a list of their positions and barcodes to your LIMS, usually as a CSV file. Scanners are mainly used to introduce new inventory quickly, track manual movements of tubes or to recover after a rack is dropped.

A validated file import integration means that the scanned tube locations can be updated in your inventory, but this is all.

A driven integration between a rack scanner and your LIMS allows the LIMS to provide guidance and alerts when action is needed. For instance, it can highlight:

• Tubes that are unknown to inventory and ask if you want to add them as racks of new empty tubes
• Tubes that are known to inventory but not in their expected locations - perhaps because the rack was dropped, or tubes from several racks were consolidated, or even that the rack has simply been put on the scanner the wrong way around. The operator can investigate the cause and choose to update the inventory
• A tube in the rack that has an additional workflow step against it

The guidance for operators that comes with a driven integration can be invaluable for reducing human error. For instance, if a rack has been scanned 180° wrong, in a file import integration, the inventory would be updated with incorrect location information. If this rack was then sent to a liquid handler, the robot will try to pick from H12 to get the sample in A1. A driven rack scanner integration would flag the inconsistency to the operator.

Integrating Manual Stores

A critical task for sample management LIMS software is to create an accurate digital twin representing the hierarchy of your manual laboratory storage units: cupboards, fridges and freezers. This allows users to quickly search and locate stock as well as finding free space for placing new samples. Maintaining the accuracy of this inventory and providing an audit trail of who did what requires some level of integration.

The manual process involves the operator using the LIMS user interface to create a list of what samples are needed (maybe on a piece of paper), then collecting or returning them, and finally updating their locations in the inventory. These updates do not happen in real time and it is a common problem to have items returned to the wrong place or the user forget to register the new location.

New technologies enable a driven integration between a LIMS and manual stores by enhancing the LIMS user interface using either:

• A Mobile device
• An Augmented Reality device

Both devices bring together real time labware barcode verification and context-specific operator guidance from the LIMS. This offers the following benefits:

• Confirms the correct labware has been picked/placed
• Identifies the operator performing the task
• Updates the inventory and audit trail automatically
• Displays warnings if items have hazards associated, which is important when manually processing samples
• Provides informed guidance on where to place items, so that substances that should be stored at -80°C are not placed in a -20°C store

These new technologies also offer efficient processing as operators are immediately directed to the next task, without needing to return to a computer.

Questions to consider when reviewing integration options for manual stores include:

• Are you likely to be working in an audited environment and need real time updates?
• How many people access the stores? The more operators, the greater the need for real time updates.
• What verification processes are used to check manual updates?
• How much automation do you use or are you likely to use in other sample management steps? The lag from manually updating inventory updates is more likely to problematic alongside other digitalised workflows.

Summary of Integration Types

Other Factors to Consider

So far this white paper has mainly discussed technical and functional aspects of digitising sample management processes to integrate with your LIMS, but there are other considerations too.

Ask about support and consider how the integration may evolve as your company grows or processes change. If an integration is entirely custom to you, then it will require unique support, which is more expensive in the long run. If it is an existing product, or based on one, then it is often supported globally at reduced cost and is likely to be kept up to date. There should be an upgrade route to allow for new versions of software, or to upgrade instruments. Will you have a team to support your integration in the future, or is it dependent on one person who may leave the company? Is support local or worldwide, and which matters most to you?

Consider deployment. While a driven integrated system requires more setup than a verified file exchange system, some work may be required by you even for verified file exchange integrations. The key is being able to pass files of information smoothly between your systems. In a few cases, data can be used directly by both the instrument and LIMS. When this is not the case, many LIMS offer a generic export/import file format which can be used as the basis for integration. If the LIMS file format does not fully fit your needs, there are options to adjust it without requiring a completely bespoke approach. Various file manipulation software options are available, including vendors who will create custom file manipulations to meet your exact requirements. If bespoke development is your route, then ask to work in a SCRUM way with regular reviews of progress, so you are aware of how easy the system is to work with.

It is important to consider change management when implementing levels of automation and integration. Staff may be concerned that their roles will no longer be interesting or valued and thus be resistant to new processes.

Integrations of manual processes can be a useful first step to further automation integration, because they can help staff to accept the value of changes. Often, these manual processes are tedious as well as error prone. Integrations that make these tasks easier for staff, as well as speeding them up and removing errors, will improve user satisfaction.

Conclusion

All the types of integration discussed in this white paper have their uses in capturing data, but each provides a different level of functionality. When discussing your integration needs – with vendors or inside your company – it is important to be clear about what level of integration you are offered. You should have in mind what functionality is important to you and make sure that you fully understand whether this is covered.

When considering integration options for each process, think carefully about how varied the process is rather than the number of samples handled:

• If your process constantly repeats the same steps, such as a testing lab following a validated process with no changes to automation protocols or how samples are received, then file exchange integration is likely to provide exactly what you need
  
  
• If your processes are highly variable, perhaps because your company or customers are continually developing experiments to support multiple innovative scientific projects, then a flexible driven integration will be more suitable as it ensures information is up to date across your processes and includes operator guidance

Integrating manual processes with your LIMS brings significant benefits because it brings reliability and traceability to processes that can be prone to errors. For instance, driven instrument integration with analytical balances or rack scanners is likely to be a cost-effective way of improving data quality, irrespective of your overall level of integration.

Considering the human element of integrations is also important to ensure that staff are happy and productive. Digitised processes need to be streamlined and easy to use so that operators recognise the gains from integration. Ask for demonstrations to both operators and lab managers to see how some examples of your processes could be handled. If development is required ask for regular SCRUM demonstrations of progress.

Providing a robust integration to suit your needs will require a partnership between your laboratory, your sample management team, the automation vendor and the integration experts – whether internal or external. The requirements of both lab and sample management teams need to be addressed, as well as the capabilities of the automation. All parties need to be committed to working together, to ensure that information flows smoothly and you can meet the timescale and budget you expect.

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